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. 2026 Sep 24;13:1888658. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2026.1888658

Figure 2.

Forest plot summarizing standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals for 37 cognitive tasks across 14 studies, with most SMD positive and the random effects model showing an overall SMD of 0.41 (0.27, 0.55), indicating a small effect size.

Forest plot of effect size for caffeine versus placebo.