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GRADE evidence quality assessment of ENI outcomes.
| Outcome | No. of studies | Study design | Risk of bias | Inconsistency (I2) | Publication bias | Imprecision | Overall certainty |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy adequacy | 3 | Observational/RCT secondary | Serious | Low–moderate (24%) | Not evident | Moderate | Low |
| ICU length of stay | 3 | Observational | Serious | Low (28%) | Not evident | Serious | Low |
| Short-term mortality | 4 | Observational | Serious | High (88%) | Present | Very serious | Very low |
