Table 2.

Mean absolute error (MAE) estimates for the integrated indices against the references (SPI, SPTI, SPEI) across all stations. VMDI consistently achieves the lowest MAE in 17 out of 18 cases

Station	Reference	VMDI (MAE)	JSDI (MAE)	MSDI (MAE)
Gilgit	SPI	0.342	0.684	0.664
	SPTI	0.268	0.653	0.641
	SPEI	1.014	1.005	1.020
Skardu	SPI	0.375	0.978	0.968
	SPTI	0.173	0.751	0.752
	SPEI	0.536	0.970	1.010
Astore	SPI	0.334	1.002	0.995
	SPTI	0.139	0.974	0.965
	SPEI	0.453	0.989	0.979
Bunji	SPI	0.334	0.679	0.656
	SPTI	0.249	0.641	0.628
	SPEI	0.991	1.003	1.021
Chilas	SPI	0.309	0.974	0.958
	SPTI	0.186	0.941	0.927
	SPEI	0.771	0.976	0.987
Gupis	SPI	0.323	0.998	0.969
	SPTI	0.210	0.971	0.943
	SPEI	0.884	0.990	1.004