Table 2.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of participants by clinical group (n = 306)
| Variable | DMCN (n = 85) |
DMCI (n = 66) |
DRCN (n = 83) |
DRCI (n = 72) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year | 57.75 ± 11.09 | 66.44 ± 12.15 | 57.29 ± 9.94 | 62.09 ± 9.57 | < 0.001 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.22 ± 3.48 | 25.35 ± 3.27 | 25.21 ± 2.91 | 25.41 ± 3.10 | 0.974 | |
| Diabetes duration, years | 8.53 ± 6.32 | 11.31 ± 7.75 | 13.84 ± 7.60 | 15.14 ± 7.52 | < 0.001 | |
| Sex | Male | 48(56.5) | 31(47.0) | 49(59.0) | 36(50.0) | 0.428 |
| Female | 37(43.5) | 35(53.0) | 34(41.0) | 36(50.0) | ||
| Residence | Rural | 41(48.2) | 36(54.5) | 40(48.2) | 41(56.9) | 0.610 |
| Urban | 44(51.8) | 30(45.5) | 43(51.8) | 31(43.1) | ||
| Marital status | Married | 77(90.6) | 56(84.8) | 77(92.8) | 66(91.7) | 0.400 |
| Others | 8(9.4) | 10(15.2) | 6(7.2) | 6(8.3) | ||
| Family history of diabetes | Yes | 15(17.6) | 16(24.2) | 19(22.9) | 14(19.4) | 0.725 |
| No | 67(78.8) | 45(68.2) | 60(72.3) | 52(72.2) | ||
| Unclear | 3(3.5) | 5(7.6) | 4(4.8) | 6(8.3) | ||
| Education level, years | ≤ 6 | 28(32.9) | 29(43.9) | 29(34.9) | 28(38.9) | 0.400 |
| 7–9 | 28(32.9) | 18(27.3) | 21(25.3) | 26(36.1) | ||
| ≥ 10 | 29(34.1) | 19(28.8) | 33(39.8) | 18(25.0) | ||
| Cigarette smoking | Yes | 22(25.9) | 24(36.4) | 21(25.3) | 20(27.8) | 0.436 |
| No | 63(74.1) | 42(63.6) | 62(74.7) | 52(72.2) | ||
| Alcohol drinking | Yes | 24(28.2) | 27(40.9) | 23(28.0) | 19(26.4) | 0.219 |
| No | 61(71.8) | 39(59.1) | 59(72.0) | 53(73.6) | ||
| Hypertension | Yes | 49(57.6) | 35(53.0) | 54(65.1) | 37(51.4) | 0.313 |
| No | 36(42.4) | 31(47.0) | 29(34.9) | 35(48.6) | ||
| Coronary heart disease | Yes | 4(4.7) | 10(15.2) | 9(10.8) | 9(12.5) | 0.180 |
| No | 81(95.3) | 56(84.8) | 74(89.2) | 63(87.5) | ||
| Diabetic kidney disease | Yes | 5(5.9) | 5(7.6) | 9(10.8) | 11(15.3) | 0.222 |
| No | 80(94.1) | 61(92.4) | 74(89.2) | 61(84.7) | ||
| Exercise frequency | None | 45(52.9) | 36(54.5) | 56(67.5) | 50(69.4) | 0.192 |
| ≤ 3 times/wk | 34(40.0) | 27(40.9) | 24(28.9) | 21(29.2) | ||
| > 3 times/wk | 6(7.1) | 3(4.5) | 3(3.6) | 1(1.4) | ||
| Insulin therapy | No | 45(52.9) | 31(47.0) | 36(43.4) | 30(41.7) | 0.489 |
| Any | 40(47.1) | 35(53.0) | 47(56.6) | 42(58.3) | ||
| HbA1c, % | 7.08 ± 1.22 | 7.17 ± 1.34 | 7.62 ± 2.14 | 7.75 ± 1.61 | 0.024 | |
| Serum creatinine, µmol/L | 72.50 ± 16.84 | 70.77 ± 17.65 | 75.96 ± 30.97 | 79.29 ± 28.57 | 0.164 | |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m² | 93.01 ± 23.34 | 94.11 ± 18.50 | 92.11 ± 21.26 | 87.18 ± 18.06 | 0.194 | |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.44 ± 1.23 | 4.50 ± 1.39 | 4.57 ± 1.34 | 4.34 ± 1.34 | 0.695 | |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.56 ± 1.07 | 2.79 ± 1.31 | 2.75 ± 1.02 | 2.56 ± 1.07 | 0.336 | |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.75 ± 1.14 | 1.59 ± 1.03 | 1.66 ± 1.03 | 1.57 ± 1.16 | 0.787 | |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or n (%). Group differences were assessed using one-way ANOVA, chi-square test, or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; WK, week