Table 3.

Cross-lagged model results.

Paths	β	SE	z	p
Autoregressive paths
T1 intrinsic goals → T2 intrinsic goals	0.616	0.280	2.20	0.028
T1 extrinsic goals → T2 extrinsic goals	0.765	0.093	8.27	p < 0.001
T1 teamwork → T2 teamwork	0.208	0.189	1.10	0.271
T1 goal setting → T2 goal setting	0.354	0.112	3.18	0.001
T1 time management → T2 time management	0.288	0.070	4.10	p < 0.001
T1 social skills → T2 social skills	0.120	0.224	0.53	0.593
T1 leadership → T2 leadership	0.244	0.103	2.36	0.018
Cross-lagged paths
T1 intrinsic goals → T2 teamwork	0.519	0.311	1.67	0.095
T1 intrinsic goals → T2 goal setting	0.320	0.197	1.63	0.103
T1 intrinsic goals → T2 time management	0.399	0.101	3.96	p < 0.001
T1 intrinsic goals → T2 social skills	0.579	0.429	1.35	0.177
T1 intrinsic goals → T2 leadership	0.463	0.208	2.22	0.026
T1 extrinsic goals → T2 teamwork	−0.202	0.241	−0.84	0.403
T1 extrinsic goals → T2 goal setting	−0.084	0.171	−0.49	0.624
T1 extrinsic goals → T2 time management	−0.068	0.116	−0.59	0.559
T1 extrinsic goals → T2 social skills	−0.209	0.355	−0.59	0.556
T1 extrinsic goals → T2 leadership	−0.102	0.206	−0.50	0.619
Reverse-direction paths
T1 teamwork → T2 intrinsic goals	0.068	0.173	0.39	0.695
T1 goal setting → T2 intrinsic goals	0.038	0.105	0.37	0.713
T1 time management → T2 intrinsic goals	−0.060	0.097	−0.62	0.536
T1 social skills → T2 intrinsic goals	0.155	0.131	1.19	0.235
T1 leadership → T2 intrinsic goals	−0.214	0.115	−1.86	0.064
T1 teamwork → T2 extrinsic goals	0.099	0.096	1.03	0.301
T1 goal setting → T2 extrinsic goals	0.144	0.119	1.21	0.225
T1 time management → T2 extrinsic goals	−0.161	0.094	−1.71	0.088
T1 social skills → T2 extrinsic goals	0.077	0.129	0.60	0.549
T1 leadership → T2 extrinsic goals	−0.258	0.129	−2.00	0.046

Standardized coefficients are presented. Statistically significant paths are shown in bold. T1, Time 1; T2, Time 2; SE, standard error.