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. 2026 Jul 9;17(3):393–400. doi: 10.1016/j.shaw.2026.07.001

Table 2.

Cross-model regression results

Model 1
Model 2
Model 3
Model 4
β (SE) β (SE) β (SE) β (SE)
Working hours per day −0.063 (0.058) 0.058∗∗ (0.019) 0.054∗∗ (0.018)
Working days per week −0.672∗∗∗ (0.155) 0.088 (0.05) 0.02 (0.049)
Night-shift days per week −0.558∗∗∗ (0.104) 0.23∗∗∗ (0.036) 0.157∗∗∗ (0.034)
Sleep quality −0.106∗∗∗ (0.008) −0.096∗∗∗ (0.009)
Sex 0.657 (0.396) 0.017 (0.13) 0.14 (0.124) 0.084 (0.123)
Age 0.017 (0.022) −0.02∗∗ (0.007) −0.027∗∗∗ (0.007) −0.024∗∗∗ (0.007)
Education attainment −0.294∗∗∗ (0.089) 0.082∗∗ (0.029) 0.042 (0.028) 0.05 (0.028)
Marital status
 Single Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
 Married −0.329 (0.378) 0.032 (0.122) −0.007 (0.118) 0.035 (0.116)
 Other −0.756 (0.621) 0.054 (0.212) −0.031 (0.204) 0.012 (0.201)
Number of kids 0.271 (0.21) 0.057 (0.068) 0.119 (0.065) 0.082 (0.064)
Monthly income 0.529∗∗∗ (0.124) −0.077 (0.04) 0.04 (0.037) −0.002 (0.038)
Financial status 0.303∗∗∗ (0.05) −0.008 (0.017) 0.002 (0.017) 0.016 (0.016)
Household type (ref.)
 Local urban Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
 Local rural −0.856 (0.447) 0.043 (0.141) −0.082 (0.134) −0.071 (0.132)
 Nonlocal urban −0.534 (0.41) −0.163 (0.131) −0.224 (0.125) −0.245∗ (0.123)
 Nonlocal rural −0.562 (0.383) −0.348∗∗ (0.123) −0.399∗∗∗ (0.117) −0.416∗∗∗ (0.116)
Years working as a gig driver −0.401∗∗∗ (0.103) 0.151∗∗∗ (0.036) 0.151∗∗∗ (0.035) 0.132∗∗∗ (0.034)
Whether having other income sources
 No Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
 Yes −0.433 (0.267) −0.064 (0.089) −0.126 (0.085) −0.121 (0.084)
Type of gig worker
 Platform employed Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
 Crowdsourced −0.197 (0.29) −0.084 (0.098) −0.247∗∗ (0.094) −0.148 (0.094)
 Other −0.41 (0.283) 0.183∗ (0.093) 0.072 (0.089) 0.108 (0.088)
Contract type
 No contract signed Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
 Standard labor contract 0.395 (0.376) 0.273∗ (0.126) 0.242∗ (0.12) 0.308∗ (0.12)
 Labor service contract 0.242 (0.328) 0.196 (0.113) 0.104 (0.108) 0.174 (0.109)
 Independent contractor 0.14 (0.362) 0.096 (0.125) 0.119 (0.12) 0.129 (0.119)
Social insurance
 No Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
 Yes −0.088 (0.28) 0.295∗∗ (0.095) 0.233∗ (0.091) 0.262∗∗ (0.09)

Note: ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗p < 0.05. SE = Standard Error. Model 1 is the OLS regression on sleep quality with three main predictors and covariates. Model 2 is the negative binomial regression on the number of occupational injuries with three main predictors and covariates. Model 3 is the negative binomial regression on the number of occupational injuries with sleep quality and covariates. Model 4 is the negative binomial regression on the number of occupational injuries with three main predictors, sleep quality, and covariates.

OLS, ordinary least squares.