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. 2026 Sep 24;17:1908356. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2026.1908356

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Copyright © 2026 Fountoulakis, Pavlou, Gnudi, Maltese, Panagiotou, Ayis, Ibrahim and Karalliedde.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Line graph showing mean log-transformed urinary albumin excretion rate over 52 weeks for two sequences, PU (red) and UP (blue), across three trial phases: Phase 1, Washout, and Phase 2. Both sequences start at similar values, diverge with PU peaking at 24 weeks, converge at 28 weeks, then UP declines while PU stabilizes. Error bars are visible at each time point. — Trajectory of UAER by sequence from baseline to week 52. PU, Placebo-Ursodeoxycholic acid; UP, Ursodeoxycholic acid-Placebo; UAER, Urine Albumin Excretion Rate.