Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of participants before each treatment period according to treatment sequence.
| Characteristic | UDCA → placebo week 0 (n = 16) | Placebo → UDCA week 0 (n = 15) | p-value | UDCA → placebo week 28 (n = 15) | Placebo → UDCA week 28 (n = 12) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UAER (μg/min; median, IQR) | 23.0 (12.0–31.0) | 30.0 (19.0–62.5) | 0.357 | 35.0 (22.8–322.0) | 55.5 (17.8–237.5) | 1.000 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2; mean ± SD) | 81.1 ± 27.3 | 96.3 ± 63.4 | 0.404 | 79.4 ± 27.1 | 84.0 ± 32.1 | 0.740 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg; mean ± SD) | 131.4 ± 18.7 | 132.1 ± 17.1 | 0.910 | 132.9 ± 19.7 | 118.3 ± 20.3 | 0.117 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg; mean ± SD) | 73.0 ± 9.9 | 76.1 ± 9.3 | 0.378 | 74.2 ± 13.8 | 80.3 ± 13.7 | 0.303 |
| HbA1c (mol/mol; mean ± SD) | 66.0 ± 10.7 | 71.6 ± 15.3 | 0.266 | 65.5 ± 14.5 | 70.7 ± 16.4 | 0.467 |
| Aortic PWV (m/s; median, IQR) | 8.2 (6.7–9.8) | 8.0 (6.5–9.8) | 1.000 | 8.9 (6.8–12.7) | 7.4 (6.5–11.1) | 0.750 |
| Total cholesterol (mol/L; mean ± SD) | 4.36 ± 0.80 | 4.05 ± 1.00 | 0.364 | 4.72 ± 1.55 | 4.69 ± 1.40 | 0.966 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L; median, IQR) | 0.90 (0.90–1.48) | 1.10 (0.65–1.85) | 0.878 | 0.85 (0.67–1.23) | 1.00 (0.57–1.52) | 0.938 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD for approximately normally distributed variables and median (IQR) for skewed variables. Welch’s independent-samples t-test for normally distributed variables and the Mann–Whitney U test for skewed variables were used for comparisons. All tests were two-sided, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant.
BP, blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; IQR, interquartile range; PWV, pulse wave velocity; SD, standard deviation; UAER, urine albumin excretion rate; UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid.