Table 1.

Systemic superiority of the hybrid hospital over conventional hospital frameworks

Domain	Conventional transplant center	Hybrid hospital framework
Biosecurity and cross-contamination	Cannot colocate DPF swine near human operating rooms without mutual contamination risk	Dual-track isolated ventilation, airtight sterile transfer barrier, zero cross-contamination [24]
Operational synchronization	Geographical gap, transit delays, decoupled teams [24]	Real-time intraoperative coordination, zero transport delay [24]
Regulatory alignment	Regulatory ambiguity under allotransplantation laws [72–74]	Standardized physical compliance providing evidence for Special Acts [24]
Lifelong surveillance	Lacks xenozoonosis tracking and 50-year biobanks [75,76]	Integrated digital twins, dd-cfDNA, AI alerts, blockchain registry [24]
Multidisciplinary integration	Siloed clinical vs. veterinary faculties [77]	Joint Operations Board (chief veterinary officer and chief medical officer coleadership) [24]
Public trust and transparency	Public concern over porcine endogenous retroviruses and livestock cohousing [78,79]	Visible, specialized containment fostering public confidence [24]

DPF, designated pathogen-free; dd-cfDNA, donor-derived cell-free DNA; AI, artificial intelligence.