Table 2.
Condition-wise kinematic summary (evaluation-window mean and range of motion, ROM). Radians were converted to degrees. Knee flexion is positive after sign reversal of raw knee_angle; ankle angle retains the raw sign (negative = plantarflexion). Pelvis forward tilt is the sign-reversed global pelvis_tilt coordinate and does not represent lumbar motion. Bilateral values are L/R.
| Metric | C0 (No limit) | C4 (T = 4 BW) | C3 (T = 3 BW) | C2 (T = 2 BW) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pelvis orientation | ||||
| Pelvis forward tilt mean (deg) | 8.6 | 9.5 | 8.1 | 9.8 |
| Pelvis forward tilt ROM (deg) | 21.8 | 17.6 | 14.7 | 10.5 |
| Lower-limb joints (L/R) | ||||
| Hip flexion mean (deg) | 15.7/14.8 | 19.4/19.0 | 15.6/15.2 | 16.5/16.4 |
| Hip flexion ROM (deg) | 77.5/83.3 | 86.4/86.9 | 78.2/70.5 | 79.5/71.8 |
| Knee flexion mean (deg) | 20.2/20.4 | 20.4/20.0 | 19.4/17.9 | 17.5/18.2 |
| Knee flexion ROM (deg) | 72.9/66.5 | 73.8/76.0 | 68.2/69.1 | 68.4/69.0 |
| Ankle angle mean (deg) | −1.7/−1.8 | −3.7/−3.1 | −4.1/−3.6 | −3.2/−2.8 |
| Ankle angle ROM (deg) | 46.6/35.6 | 48.5/36.2 | 42.1/34.5 | 45.1/37.6 |