Table 1.

PBX1 metabolic functions across cell types.

Cell/tissue	PBX1 context	Metabolic pathway	Mechanistic insight	Functional consequence	Disease/context	Reference
Primitive erythroid cells	Pbx1/Meis1 activity	HIF1α signaling	Meis1 induces Hif1a expression; Hif1α directly activates Gata1. Pbx1 cooperates with Meis1 upstream of erythroid specification	Required for primitive erythropoiesis	Hematopoiesis	(97)
Mesangial cells	PBX1 activity	Glycolysis/lactate	DNA immune complexes drive glycolysis/lactate-dependent PBX1 lactylation and degradation, reducing P27 expression and promoting G1–S transition	Excessive mesangial cell proliferation	Lupus nephritis	(98)
Contralateral unaffected breast epithelium	Increased PBX1	Lipid metabolism	PBX1 promotes expression of lipid-metabolism genes.	Altered lipid-metabolic transcriptional program	ER-negative breast cancer	(99)
Pancreatic cells	Pbx1 deficiency	Glucose homeostasis; insulin secretion	PBX1 cooperates with Ipf1/Pdx1 to maintain pancreatic development and islet function	Decreased insulin secretion; impaired glucose tolerance; diabetes susceptibility	Diabetes mellitus	(103)
Astrocytes	PBX1 activity	Glycolysis	PBX1 represses Hk2, reducing L-serine synthesis	Decreased glycolysis; accelerated astrocytic senescence; hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia	Chronic stress	(104)