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. 2026 Sep 28;16:1849274. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2026.1849274

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Copyright © 2026 Wu, Zhang, Shi, Xu, Fan, Zhang and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Intersection bar chart displays treatment combinations for Immunotherapy, Targeted Therapy, Radiotherapy, TACE, and Surgery with set and intersection sizes shown, alongside risk group proportions by treatment (stacked bar charts for High, Medium, and Low risk) and survival status (Alive or Dead) for each combination. Panel D contains a grouped bar chart comparing proportions of risk groups between Medium and High risk categories. — Comparison of treatment strategies across different risk groups. (A) Eighteen distinct treatment strategy combinations. (B) Intersection sizes of different treatment strategies. (C) Proportional distributions of different risk groups and patient prognostic status across the various treatment strategies. (D) Proportional distribution of treatment strategies across different risk groups.