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. 2026 Sep 28;16:1849274. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2026.1849274

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Copyright © 2026 Wu, Zhang, Shi, Xu, Fan, Zhang and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Two Kaplan-Meier survival curves compare groups by treatment in medium-risk (A) and high-risk (B) populations, with blue lines for surgery or immunotherapy, red for other treatments, and shaded confidence intervals. Survival probabilities are plotted over follow-up days, with significant difference for medium-risk (p = 0.035) and a non-significant difference for high-risk (p = 0.088). Number at risk tables appear below each chart. — Survival differences within each risk group. (A) Survival differences associated with the predominant treatments versus other treatments in the medium_risk group. (B) Survival differences associated with the predominant treatments versus other treatments in the high_risk group. Due to the limited sample size, subgroup analyses within the external validation cohort are exploratory and intended to generate hypotheses.