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. 2026 Sep 28;16:1849274. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2026.1849274

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Copyright © 2026 Wu, Zhang, Shi, Xu, Fan, Zhang and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Panel A shows a nomogram predicting survival probabilities based on risk group, pTNM stage, and histologic grade, with total points corresponding to one-, three-, and five-year survival. Panel B displays receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for one-, three-, and five-year survival with AUC values of 0.838, 0.847, and 0.841, respectively. Panel C presents a calibration plot comparing predicted risk to observed risk, indicating model fit with an AUC of 80.0. — Nomogram construction and evaluation. (A) Nomogram constructed using the rms package in R. (B) The nomogram achieved AUC values of 0.838, 0.847, and 0.841 for predicting 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS, respectively. (C) Calibration curve analysis showing minimal deviations between the model-predicted probabilities and the observed outcomes.