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. 2026 Sep 28;16:1849274. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2026.1849274

Table 1.

The model validation performance metrics based on training, validation, and internal test sets.

Model Accuracy F1-score Precision Recall ROC-AUC
Traning set 0.757 0.598 0.705 0.519 0.836
Internal test set 0.760 0.609 0.700 0.538 0.800
External test set 0.645 0.569 0.527 0.617 0.704