Table 2. Timing from VSR diagnosis to definitive intervention among patients who received invasive treatment.

Characteristic	SurCOP (n=64)	Traditional surgical repair (n=24)	Transcatheter closure (n=35)	P
Interval from VSR diagnosis to definitive intervention, days	6.5 (4.0–12.5)	31.4 (18.7–43.2)	17.8 (10.6–23.0)	<0.001
Timing category				<0.001
Emergency (<24 hours)	3 (4.7)	1 (4.2)	0 (0.0)
Urgent (24 hours to ≤7 days)	32 (50.0)	2 (8.3)	4 (11.4)
Delayed (>7 days)	29 (45.3)	21 (87.5)	31 (88.6)

Values are presented as median (interquartile range) or n (%). The hour-based interval was used for analysis and was converted to days by dividing by 24. The P value for the continuous interval was obtained using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Pairwise Mann-Whitney U tests with Holm adjustment yielded P<0.001 for SurCOP versus traditional surgical repair, P<0.001 for SurCOP versus transcatheter closure, and P=0.03 for traditional surgical repair versus transcatheter closure. The overall timing-category distribution was compared using the Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact test. Emergency, urgent, and delayed intervention were operational categories used for descriptive reporting and should not be interpreted as validated clinical urgency standards. SurCOP, surgical repair combining an occluder and a patch; VSR, ventricular septal rupture.