Table 1.

Evidence tiers and clinical actionability of precision tools in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Evidence tier	Precision tool	Potential clinical role	Current actionability
Established	Liver reserve, portal hypertension, tumor burden, resectability, performance status, transplant criteria	Treatment selection and surgical candidacy	Direct clinical decision
Investigational	Radiomics	Risk stratification and prediction of recurrence/MVI	MDT discussion/research
Investigational	ctDNA/liquid biopsy	MRD and recurrence-risk assessment	Research/trial enrollment
Investigational	Genomic/immune profiling	Biological characterization and treatment-response assessment	Research/trial enrollment
Investigational	AI/digital pathology	Risk and biological phenotype prediction	Decision support/research
Future hypotheses	Multi-omics integration	Dynamic biological phenotyping	Not currently actionable
Future hypotheses	Digital twins/multimodal AI	Treatment simulation and individualized prediction	Not currently actionable
Future hypotheses	Digital biomarkers/wearables/learning health systems	Continuous monitoring and evidence generation	Not currently actionable