Table 2. The material parameters were used in this work.

Parameters	FTO67	Pristine and doped ZnO	FASnI3 (ref. 68)	Spiro-OMeTAD69,70
Thickness (nm)	200	50	500	100
E g (eV)	3.2	DFT	1.45	2.91
χ (eV)	4.4	4.2	4.1	2.2
ε r	9	DFT	8.2	3.0
N C (cm−3)	2.2 × 1018	3.70 × 1018	1 × 1018	2.8 × 1019
N V (cm−3)	1.80 × 1019	1.80 × 1019	1 × 1018	1 × 1019
µ n (cm2 V−1 s−1)	90	DFT	22	0.00012
µ h (cm2 V−1 s−1)	90	DFT	22	0.0002
N A (cm−3)	0	0	1.0 × 1016	1.0 × 1018
N D (cm−3)	7 × 1020	1.0 × 1018	1.0 × 1016	0
N t (cm−3)	1.0 × 1014	1.0 × 1014	1.0 × 1016	1.0 × 1014