Table 2.

Peircean dimensions in the worked XAI example.

Peircean dimension	Function in the example	Human contribution
Semiosis	Interpreting the AI explanation in context	Determine relevance and significance
Abduction	Generating alternative explanations	Compare plausible hypotheses
Inquiry	Testing explanations against evidence	Question and verify claims
Fallibilism	Maintaining openness to error	Revise conclusions when warranted
Pragmaticism	Assessing practical consequences	Evaluate whether the explanation supports appropriate action
Community of Inquiry	Collective review and contestation	Deliberate, challenge, and authorize revision