Table 2.
Risk of bias assessment results for included studies
| Included studies | Randomization method | Blinding | Allocation concealment | Integrity of outcome data | Selective outcome reporting | Other sources of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arash et al., 2024 [18] | Computer-generated | Not specified | Sealed envelopes | No dropouts | No | Not specified |
| Yagci et al., 2024 [19] | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | No dropouts | No | Not specified |
| Ji et al. 2024 [20] | Grouped by treatment time | Not specified | Not specified | No dropouts | No | Not specified |
| Liu et al., 2023 [21] | Coin toss | Not specified | Not specified | No dropouts | No | Not specified |
| Liao 2022 [22] | Random number table | Not specified | Not specified | No dropouts | No | Not specified |
| Hu 2022 [23] | Computer-generated | Single-blind | Sealed envelopes | No dropouts | No | Not specified |
| Guo 2021 [24] | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | No dropouts | No | Not specified |
| Zeng et al., 2020 [25] | Random number table | Not specified | Not specified | No dropouts | No | Not specified |
| Liu et al., 2019 [26] | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | No dropouts | No | Not specified |
| Zhou et al., 2016 [27] | Random number table | Not specified | Not specified | No dropouts | No | Not specified |
Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane Collaboration criteria. "Not specified" denotes that a study provided insufficient details to judge a domain's risk of bias. "No dropouts" indicates all participants completed the study, resulting in a low-risk judgment for outcome data integrity. All assessments were based solely on information reported in the original publications