Table 2. Comparison of perioperative, clinical, and radiological outcomes between groups.

Data are presented as mean ± SD. Continuous variables were compared using the independent-samples t-test or Mann-Whitney U test, as appropriate, according to data distribution. The corresponding t or U statistic is reported for each variable. A two-tailed P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

VAS, visual analogue scale; POD, postoperative day

Variable	Transfascial (n=25), mean±SD	Conventional open (n=25), mean±SD	t statistic	P-value
Operative time (min)	96.16±13.77	106.64±17.70	-2.337	0.047
Intraoperative blood loss (mL)	173.76±37.94	294.00±89.35	-6.193	<0.001
Drain output, POD-1 (mL)	37.60±18.94	93.20±43.48	-5.862	<0.001
Mobilisation time (days)	2.44±1.04	4.08±2.77	-2.771	0.033
Hospital stay (days)	3.08±1.82	5.48±4.30	-2.654	0.012
VAS score, preoperative	6.80±0.96	6.96±0.84	-0.628	0.533
VAS score, 2 weeks	5.32±0.80	6.28±1.08	-3.564	<0.001
VAS score, 3 months	4.02±0.52	5.14±0.98	-5.05	<0.001
VAS score, 6 months	2.66±0.74	3.42±0.40	-4.52	<0.001
VAS score, 12 months	1.28±0.46	1.84±0.71	-3.310	0.004
Cobb angle, preoperative (°)	10.56±1.94	10.44±2.00	0.215	0.83
Cobb angle, POD-15 (°)	4.40±1.15	4.60±1.19	-0.603	0.549
Fluoroscopy exposure time (sec)	7.04±1.35	7.68±1.65	-1.50	0.14