Fig. 1.

Prevalence (%) of suboptimal vitamin B₁₂ status among omnivore and vegetarian women of childbearing age (18–45 years), combined NDNS 2008–2019. A Serum vitamin B₁₂ using three cut-offs: severe deficiency (< 133 pmol/L), deficiency (< 180 pmol/L), and possible deficiency/insufficiency (< 258 pmol/L). B Holotranscobalamin (HoloTC) using three cut-offs: severe deficiency (< 25 pmol/L), low HoloTC (< 36 pmol/L), and possible deficiency/insufficiency (< 70 pmol/L). C Total homocysteine (tHcy): elevated homocysteine (> 13 µmol/L) and hyperhomocysteinaemia (> 15 µmol/L). Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Negative lower confidence limits for vegetarian subgroups reflect small sample sizes and are shown as zero. Significant differences (p < 0.05) are shown in bold red