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. 2026 Sep 24;16(19):3006. doi: 10.3390/ani16193006
AA arachidonic acid
ADF acid detergent fiber
ALA α-linolenic acid
ANOVA analysis of variance
CG control group
CLA conjugated linoleic acid
DHA docosahexaenoic acid
DM dry matter
DPA docosapentaenoic acid
EF experimental feeding
EPA eicosapentaenoic acid
FAME fatty acid methyl ester
FM fresh matter
GC gas chromatography
GC-FID gas chromatography–flame ionization detection
HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography
HS–10 experimental group receiving a diet supplemented with 10% hemp seeds
HS–17 experimental group receiving a diet supplemented with 17% hemp seeds
HSD honestly significant difference
IMF intramuscular fat
LA linoleic acid
LL longissimus lumborum muscle
LW live weight
MT muscle type
MUFA monounsaturated fatty acid
NDF neutral detergent fiber
NFC non-fiber carbohydrate
OA oleic acid
PDIE protein digested in the small intestine when rumen-fermentable energy is limiting
PDIN protein digested in the small intestine when rumen-degradable nitrogen is limiting
HF Holstein-Friesian
PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acid
RIC Roughage Intake Control
RP-HPLC reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography
SEM standard error of the mean
SFA saturated fatty acid
SM semimembranosus muscle
TMR total mixed ration
TN total nitrogen
TVA trans-vaccenic acid
UFA unsaturated fatty acid
UFV feed units for meat production