A2AR	Adenosine A2A Receptor
A2BR	Adenosine A2B Receptor
ACAT2	Acetyl-CoA Acetyltransferase 2
ACTH	Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
AGEs	Advanced Glycation End Products
AgRP	Agouti-Related Peptide
AhR	Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor
AMPK	AMP-Activated Protein Kinase
AMP	Adenosine Monophosphate
AMT	Amino Acid Metabolism and Transport*
APC	Antigen-Presenting Cell
ARG1	Arginase-1
ARG2	Arginase-2
AVP	Arginine Vasopressin
bHLH	Basic Helix–Loop–Helix
BMAL1	Brain and Muscle ARNT-Like Protein 1
CAF	Cancer-Associated Fibroblast
cAMP	Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate
CD8	Cluster of Differentiation 8
CD36	Cluster of Differentiation 36
CD39	Ectonucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase-1 (ENTPD1)
CD73	Ecto-5′-Nucleotidase (NT5E)
CLOCK	Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput
CNCDs	Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases
COX-2	Cyclooxygenase-2
CRH	Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone
CRY	Cryptochrome
CTL	Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte
DC	Dendritic Cell
ECM	Extracellular Matrix
ENK	Enkephalin
ER	Estrogen Receptor
ETC	Electron Transport Chain
EV	Extracellular Vesicle
EZH2	Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2
FABP	Fatty Acid-Binding Protein
FAO	Fatty Acid Oxidation
FATP2	Fatty Acid Transport Protein 2 (SLC27A2)
FBP1	Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase 1
FFA	Free Fatty Acid
GABA	Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
GAPDH	Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
GCN2	General Control Nonderepressible 2
G-CSF	Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor
GHT	Geniculohypothalamic Tract
GH	Growth Hormone
GH–IGF-1 axis	Growth Hormone–Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Axis
GLUT1	Glucose Transporter 1
GM-CSF	Granulocyte–Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
GRP	Gastrin-Releasing Peptide
Gs	Stimulatory G Protein
H3K18la	Histone H3 Lysine 18 Lactylation
H3K27me3	Trimethylation of Histone H3 Lysine 27
HCC	Hepatocellular Carcinoma
HIF	Hypoxia-Inducible Factor
HIF-1α	Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 Alpha
HK	Hexokinase
HK2	Hexokinase 2
HPA	Hypothalamus–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis
IDO	Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase
IDO1	Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1
IFN-I	Type I Interferon
IFN-γ	Interferon Gamma
IGF-1	Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1
IGL	Intergeniculate Leaflet
IL-2	Interleukin-2
IL-10	Interleukin-10
IL-12	Interleukin-12
IS	Immune System
JMJDs	Jumonji Domain-Containing Histone Demethylases
Kla	Lysine Lactylation
L-2-HG	L-2-Hydroxyglutarate
LDH	Lactate Dehydrogenase
LDHA	Lactate Dehydrogenase A
LNCaP	Lymph Node Carcinoma of the Prostate (human prostate cancer cell line)
M1	Classically Activated Macrophage
M2	Alternatively Activated Macrophage
MCT1	Monocarboxylate Transporter 1
MDSC	Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell
miRNA	MicroRNA
MOESIN	Membrane-Organizing Extension Spike Protein
MR	Magnetic Resonance
mTOR	Mammalian Target of Rapamycin
NAD+	Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (oxidized form)
NADH	Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (reduced form)
NAMPT	Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase
NK	Natural Killer Cell
NPAS2	Neuronal PAS Domain Protein 2
NPY	Neuropeptide Y
NSCLC	Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
OS	Overall Survival
OXPHOS	Oxidative Phosphorylation
PACAP	Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
PD-1	Programmed Cell Death Protein 1
PDAC	Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
PDH	Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
PDK1	Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 1
PDK3	Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 3
PD-L1	Programmed Death-Ligand 1
PER	Period Circadian Regulator Protein
PFS	Progression-Free Survival
PHDs	Prolyl Hydroxylases
PKA	Protein Kinase A
PKM2	Pyruvate Kinase M2
PR	Progesterone Receptor
PGE2	Prostaglandin E2
RHT	Retinohypothalamic Tract
ROS	Reactive Oxygen Species
SAM	Sympatho–Adrenomedullary Axis
SCN	Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
SOD2	Superoxide Dismutase 2
SREBP	Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein
STING	Stimulator of Interferon Genes
T2DM	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
TAM	Tumor-Associated Macrophage
TAN	Tumor-Associated Neutrophil
TCR	T-Cell Receptor
TDO	Tryptophan 2,3-Dioxygenase
TGF-β	Transforming Growth Factor Beta
TIL	Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocyte
TLA	Three-Letter Acronym
TLR8	Toll-Like Receptor 8
TME	Tumor Microenvironment
TNBC	Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
TNF	Tumor Necrosis Factor
TNF-α	Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (α)
TP53	Tumor Protein p53
Treg	Regulatory T Cell
VEGF	Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
VEGFA	Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
VIP	Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide