CI	confidence interval
DCPP	Pooling Project of Prospective Studies of Diet and Cancer
HR	hazard ratio
IARC	International Agency for Research on Cancer
ICD	International Classification of Diseases
NCI	National Cancer Institute
NOC	N-nitroso compounds
RR	relative risk
WCRF	World Cancer Research Fund
BCDDP	Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project Follow-Up Study
BWHS	Black Women’s Health Study
CARET	Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial
CLUE II	Campaign Against Cancer and Heart Disease
CNBSS	Canadian National Breast Screening Study
COSM	Cohort of Swedish Men
CPS II	Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort
CSDLH	Canadian Study of Diet, Lifestyle and Health
CTS	California Teachers Study
EPIC	European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
HPFS	Health Professionals Follow-up Study (ClinicalTrials.gov Registration ID: NCT00005182; Registration URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00005182 (accessed on 1 September 2026))
IWHS	Iowa Women’s Health Study
JPHC I	Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study I
JPHC II	Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study II
MCCS	Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study
MEC	Multiethnic Cohort Study
NHS	Nurses’ Health Study
NHS II	Nurses’ Health Study II
NIH-AARP	NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study
NLCS	Netherlands Cohort Study
NYSC	New York State Cohort
PLCO	Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial
SCCS	Southern Community Cohort Study
SCHS	Singapore Chinese Health Study
SMC	Swedish Mammography Cohort
SMHS	Shanghai Men’s Health Study
SWHS	Shanghai Women’s Health Study
VITAL	VITamins And Lifestyle Study: Cohort Study of Dietary Supplements and Cancer Risk
WHI	Women’s Health Initiative
WLHS	Women’s Lifestyle and Health Study