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. 2026 Oct 6;15(19):1816. doi: 10.3390/cells15191816
A voluntary running activity
AKT protein kinase B
AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase
ANOVA analysis of variance
ATGL adipose triglyceride lipase
AUF1 AU-rich element RNA-binding protein 1
COX IV cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV
CS citrate synthase
CSA cross-sectional area
DEX dexamethasone
DHT dihydrotestosterone
DMEM Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium
DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
DPBS Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline
FAS fatty acid synthase
FCS fetal calf serum
FOXO3 forkhead box O3
GAPDH glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
GLUT4 glucose transporter type 4
H&E hematoxylin and eosin
HDL high-density lipoprotein
HF high-fat diet
HRP horseradish peroxidase
HRT hormone replacement therapy
HSL hormone-sensitive lipase
HuR human antigen R
HXKII hexokinase II
IGF-1 insulin-like growth factor 1
IMTG intramuscular triglyceride
LDL low-density lipoprotein
mTOR mechanistic target of rapamycin
MuRF-1 muscle RING finger protein 1
MyHC Myosin Heavy Chain
OCT optimal cutting temperature compound
PDK1 pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1
PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
RT-qPCR reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction
SD standard diet or standard deviation, depending on context
SDS-PAGE sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
SREBP-1c sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c
UPLC-MS ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry