16S rRNA	16S ribosomal RNA (ribonucleic acid)
AhR	aryl hydrocarbon receptor
AI	artificial intelligence
ASC	apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain
ASCVD	atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
ATP	adenosine triphosphate
CKD	chronic kidney disease
CRP	C-reactive protein
DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid
eGFR	estimated glomerular filtration rate
GSDMD	gasdermin D
HPLC	high-performance liquid chromatography
hsCRP	high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
IgA	immunoglobulin A
IKK	IκB kinase
IL	interleukin
IS	indoxyl sulfate
LC–MS/MS	liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
LPS	lipopolysaccharide
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase
mTOR	mechanistic target of rapamycin
NADPH	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa B
NLRP3	NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3
pCS	p-cresyl sulfate
PERK	protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase
PMMA	polymethylmethacrylate
RAAS	renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system
RCT	randomized controlled trial
ROS	reactive oxygen species
SCFA	short-chain fatty acid
SGLT2	sodium–glucose cotransporter 2
TGF-β	transforming growth factor beta
TLR4	Toll-like receptor 4
TMAO	trimethylamine N-oxide
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor alpha
UACR	urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio
ZO-1	zonula occludens-1