OSA	Osteosarcoma
ICI	Immune checkpoint inhibitors
TME	Tumor microenvironment
ADC	Antibody–drug conjugates
CAR-T	Chimeric antigen receptor-T-cell
CSPG4	Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4
TLR2	Toll-like receptor 2
ECM	Extracellular matrix
TAMs	Tumor-associated macrophages
MDSCs	Myeloid-derived suppressor cells
MSC	Mesenchymal stem cells
NK	Natural killer
DCs	Dendritic cells
EMT	Epithelial–mesenchymal transition
MMP-2	Matrix metalloproteinase-2
mAbs	Monoclonal antibodies
I-DXd	Ifinatamab deruxtecan
2D	Two-dimensional
3D	Three-dimensional
NSG	NOD-scid IL2Rγnull
scRNA-seq	single-cell RNA sequencing