2-DG	2-deoxy-D-glucose
3-BrPA	3-bromopyruvate
3-IAA	indole-3-acetic acid
18F-FDG	fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose
53BP1	p53-binding protein 1
AARS2	alanyl-tRNA synthetase 2
ACAT1	acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 1
ACC	acetyl-CoA carboxylase
ACLY	ATP citrate lyase
ACSL5	acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 5
ACSS2	acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 2
ADI-PEG20	pegylated arginine deiminase
AhR	aryl hydrocarbon receptor
AKT	protein kinase B
α-KG	α-ketoglutarate
α-SMA	α-smooth muscle actin
ALYREF	Aly/REF export factor
AMP	adenosine monophosphate
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
APC	adenomatous polyposis coli
ASNS	asparagine synthetase
ASS1	argininosuccinate synthase 1
ATP	adenosine triphosphate
AUC	area under the curve
AXIN	axis inhibition protein
BBN	N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine
BC	bladder cancer
BCG	bacillus Calmette-Guerin
β-TrCP	β-transducin repeat-containing protein
BNIP3	BCL2 interacting protein 3
CAB39	calcium-binding protein 39
CAF	cancer-associated fibroblast
cAMP	cyclic adenosine monophosphate
CBL	Cbl proto-oncogene
CD147	cluster of differentiation 147
CD36	cluster of differentiation 36
CD39	cluster of differentiation 39
CD73	cluster of differentiation 73
CD8	cluster of differentiation 8
CDCA3	cell division cycle-associated protein 3
CDKN1A	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A
CDKN3	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 3
CDX	cell-derived xenograft
CI	confidence interval
circRNA	circular RNA
CK1	casein kinase 1
COL1A1	collagen type I alpha 1 chain
COMPASS	complex of proteins associated with Set1
CPT1A	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A
CRISPR	clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
CT	computed tomography
CTGF	connective tissue growth factor
CTLA-4	cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4
CUL4B/RBX1	cullin 4B/RING-box protein 1
CUT&Tag	cleavage under targets and tagmentation
CXCL12	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12
CYLD	cylindromatosis
DeltaSUVmean	change in mean standardised uptake value
DHCR7	7-dehydrocholesterol reductase
DLGAP5	discs large-associated protein 5
DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid
DNMT1	DNA methyltransferase 1
E2F	E2F transcription factor family
ENO1	enolase 1
EP300	E1A-binding protein p300
ER	endoplasmic reticulum
FAK	focal adhesion kinase
FAPI	fibroblast-activation-protein inhibitor
FASN	fatty acid synthase
FBXW7	F-box and WD repeat domain-containing 7
FGFR3	fibroblast growth factor receptor 3
FOXP3	forkhead box P3
G3BP1	Ras GTPase-activating protein-binding protein 1
GABPA	GA-binding protein transcription factor subunit alpha
GADD45B	growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible beta
GC–MS	gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
GCN2	general control non-derepressible 2
GLOBOCAN	Global Cancer Observatory
GLS	glutaminase
GLS1	glutaminase 1
GLUD	glutamate dehydrogenase
GLUT1	glucose transporter 1
GPT2	glutamic-pyruvic transaminase 2
GPX4	glutathione peroxidase 4
GSDMD	gasdermin D
GSH	glutathione
GSK3β	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
H3K18la	histone H3 lysine 18 lactylation
H3K27me3	histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation
H3K9la	histone H3 lysine 9 lactylation
H4K5la	histone H4 lysine 5 lactylation
HIF-1α	hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha
HILIC	hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography
HK1	hexokinase 1
HK2	hexokinase 2
hnRNP I/L	heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins I/L
HR	hazard ratio
HRMS	high-resolution mass spectrometry
HSF1	heat shock factor 1
HSL	hormone-sensitive lipase
HSP90β	heat shock protein 90 beta family member 1
ICI	immune-checkpoint inhibitor
IDH	isocitrate dehydrogenase
IDO1	indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1
IFN-γ	interferon gamma
IGF2BP	insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein
IL	interleukin
IRF3	interferon regulatory factor 3
JAK2	Janus kinase 2
JmjC	Jumonji C domain
JMJD1A	Jumonji domain-containing 1A
KDM6A	lysine demethylase 6A
KDM6B	lysine demethylase 6B
LAG-3	lymphocyte-activation gene 3
LC–MS/MS	liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
LC3	microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
LCN2	lipocalin 2
LDH	lactate dehydrogenase
LDHA	lactate dehydrogenase A
LDI-MS	laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry
LDL	low-density lipoprotein
LIPT1	lipoyltransferase 1
LKB1	liver kinase B1
lncRNA	long non-coding RNA
LRP5/6	low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5/6
LRP8	low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8
m5C	5-methylcytosine
m6A	N6-methyladenosine
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase
MAVS	mitochondrial antiviral-signalling protein
MAX	MYC-associated factor X
MCT1	monocarboxylate transporter 1
MCT4	monocarboxylate transporter 4
MGAT4A	mannosyl-glycoprotein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 4A
MHC-I	major histocompatibility complex class I
MIBC	muscle-invasive bladder cancer
miR-30e	microRNA-30e
MLL3/4	mixed-lineage leukaemia proteins 3 and 4
mRNA	messenger RNA
MTCO1	mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I
mTOR	mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin
mTORC1	mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1
MYC	MYC proto-oncogene, basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor
NAD+	oxidised nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NADPH	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NDUFB8	NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B8
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa B
NFAT1	nuclear factor of activated T cells 1
NK	natural killer
NLRP1	NLR family pyrin domain-containing 1
NMIBC	non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer
NMR	nuclear magnetic resonance
NOP2	nucleolar protein 2
ox-LDL	oxidised low-density lipoprotein
OXPHOS	oxidative phosphorylation
P4HA2	prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha 2
P5C	pyrroline-5-carboxylate
PD-1	programmed cell death protein 1
PD-L1	programmed death-ligand 1
PDH	pyruvate dehydrogenase
PDK	pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
PDX	patient-derived xenograft
PET/CT	positron-emission tomography/computed tomography
PET/MRI	positron-emission tomography/magnetic-resonance imaging
PFK	phosphofructokinase
PFK1	phosphofructokinase 1
PGK1	phosphoglycerate kinase 1
PGM	phosphoglucomutase
PGM3	phosphoglucomutase 3
PHD2	prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein 2
PHGDH	phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase
PI3K	phosphoinositide 3-kinase
PIK3CA	phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha
PKA	protein kinase A
PKM2	pyruvate kinase M2
PPARα	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
PPARγ	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
PPP	pentose phosphate pathway
PRKN	parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase
PSMD11	proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 11
PTEN	phosphatase and tensin homologue
PTHrP	parathyroid hormone-related protein
PYCR1	pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1
RB1	RB transcriptional corepressor 1
RCC	renal cell carcinoma
RIG-I	retinoic acid-inducible gene I
RNA	ribonucleic acid
RNA-seq	RNA sequencing
ROC	receiver operating characteristic
ROS	reactive oxygen species
RUNX2	runt-related transcription factor 2
S6K1	ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1
SAM	S-adenosylmethionine
SCD1	stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1
SCO2	synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase 2
SENP3	SUMO-specific peptidase 3
SLC	solute carrier
SLC16A1-AS1	SLC16A1 antisense RNA 1
SOAT1	sterol O-acyltransferase 1
SRC	SRC proto-oncogene, non-receptor tyrosine kinase
SRC-3	steroid receptor coactivator 3
SREBP1	sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1
SRSF1	serine and arginine rich splicing factor 1
STAT3	signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
STING	stimulator of interferon genes
TACO1	translational activator of cytochrome c oxidase I
TAM	tumour-associated macrophage
TCA	tricarboxylic acid
TCF/LEF	T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer-binding factor
TDO	tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase
TET	ten-eleven translocation dioxygenase
TGF-β	transforming growth factor beta
TIGAR	TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator
TIM-3	T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3
TME	tumour microenvironment
TP53	tumour protein p53
Treg	regulatory T cell
TRIM28	tripartite motif-containing 28
UCA1	urothelial cancer associated 1
UHPLC–UHRMS	ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry
UPLC–MS	ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
USP43	ubiquitin-specific peptidase 43
VDAC1	voltage-dependent anion channel 1
XBP1	X-box-binding protein 1
YAP	Yes-associated protein
YBX1	Y-box binding protein 1
YME1L1	YME1-like 1 ATPase
YTHDC1	YTH domain-containing protein 1
YTHDF2	YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein 2
YTHDF3	YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein 3
YY1	Yin Yang 1