α-SMA	Alpha-smooth muscle actin
AcSDKP	N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline
AGEs	Advanced glycation end-products
AKT	Protein kinase B
ALDOB	Aldolase type B
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
ARAP1	ArfGAP with RhoGAP domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 1
ARAP1-AS2	ARAP1 antisense RNA 2
ATPIF1	ATP synthase inhibitory factor subunit 1
CD36	Cluster of differentiation 36
CKD	Chronic kidney disease
COUP-TFII	Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor II
DENV-2	Dengue virus serotype 2
DHAP	Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
DKD	Diabetic kidney disease
DHT	Dihydrotestosterone
eGFR	Estimated glomerular filtration rate
EMT	Epithelial–mesenchymal transition
EndoMT	Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition
ERA	Endothelin receptor antagonist
ESRD	End-stage renal disease
EVs	Extracellular vesicles
FBP	Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
FSP-1	Fibroblast-specific protein-1
GEC	Glomerular endothelial cell
GPI	Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase
GNPNAT1	Glucosamine-phosphate N-acetyltransferase 1
GPR87	G protein-coupled receptor 87
H3K14la	Histone H3 lysine 14 lactylation
H3K18la	Histone H3 lysine 18 lactylation
H4K12la	Histone H4 lysine 12 lactylation
HADHA	Hydroxyacyl-Coa dehydrogenase
HIF-1α	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha
HK1	Hexokinase 1
HK2	Hexokinase 2
HMCs	Human primary mesangial cells
IGFBP5	Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5
IL-1β	Interleukin-1 beta
IL-22	Interleukin-22
IREB2	Iron-responsive element-binding protein 2
KLF5	Krüppel-like factor 5
LDH	Lactate dehydrogenase
LDHA	Lactate dehydrogenase A
lncRNA	Long non-coding RNA
MRA	Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists
mtROS	Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species
NAD	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NLRP3	NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3
OXPHOS	Oxidative phosphorylation
PDK1	Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1
PDK4	Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4
PFK1	Phosphofructokinase 1
PFKP	Phosphofructokinase platelet type
PFKFB2	6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 2
PFKFB3	6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3
PGC-1α	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha
PK	Pyruvate kinase
PKM1	Pyruvate kinase M1
PKM2	Pyruvate kinase M2
PTM	Post-translational modification
RAAS	Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system
RAGE	Receptor for advanced glycation end-products
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
RUNX1	Runt-related transcription factor 1
SAE1	SUMO-activating enzyme subunit 1
SGLT2	Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2
SIRPα	Signal regulatory protein alpha
S1PR1	Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1
SIRT3	Sirtuin 3
SIRT5	Sirtuin 5
SIRT6	Sirtuin 6
SLC2A1	Solute carrier family 2 member 1
Smad4	Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4
STZ	Streptozotocin
SUMOylation	Small ubiquitin-like modifier conjugation
TCM	Traditional Chinese medicine
TECs	Renal tubular epithelial cells
TERT	Telomerase reverse transcriptase
TGF-β	Transforming growth factor beta
TRIM65	Tripartite motif-containing protein 65
T1DM	Type 1 diabetes mellitus
T2DM	Type 2 diabetes mellitus
UBR5	Ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component N-recognin 5
VEGF	Vascular endothelial growth factor
WTAP	Wilms tumor 1-associating protein
YY1	Yin and Yang 1 transcription factor