| WPH | whey protein hydrolysates |
| DH | degree of hydrolysis |
| OPA | O-phthaldialdehyde |
| NC | negative control |
| PC | positive control |
| CT | cholera toxin |
| OD | optical density |
| HE | Hematoxylin-eosin |
| MAPK | mitogen-activated protein kinase |
| GAPDH | Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase |
| JNK | c-Jun N-terminal kinase |
| ERK | extracellular signal-regulated kinase |
| SCFAS | short-chain fatty acids |
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