| AFM | atomic force microscopy |
| CLSM | confocal laser scanning microscopy |
| EDX | energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy |
| GC-MS | gas chromatography-mass spectrometry |
| MIC | minimum inhibitory concentration |
| NPs | nanoparticles |
| SEM | scanning electron microscopy |
| TEM | transmission electron microscopy |
| TLC | thin-layer chromatography |