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. 2026 Sep 23;31(19):3381. doi: 10.3390/molecules31193381
AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase
ATP5 ATP Synthase 5
CAT catalase
COX cytochrome c oxidase
Cytc cytochrome c
FOXO1 forkhead box protein O1
GR glutathione reductase
GSH-Px glutathione peroxidase
GST glutathione S-transferase
Keap1 kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
LDH lactate dehydrogenase
L-MA L-malic acid
MDA malondialdehyde
MDH malate dehydrogenase
MyHCI myosin heavy chain I
MyHCIIa myosin heavy chain IIa
MyHCIIb myosin heavy chain IIb
MyHCIIx myosin heavy chain IIx
Myf5 myogenic factor 5
Myf6 myogenic factor 6
MyoD myogenic differentiation
MyoG myogenin
MSTN myostatin
mtDNA mitochondrial DNA
NRF1 nuclear respiratory factor 1
NRF2 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
PGC1-α peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha
POLG polymerase gamma
SDH succinate dehydrogenase
Sirt1 sirtuin 1
SOD superoxide dismutase
SOX6 SRY-box transcription factor 6
T-AOC total antioxidant capacity
TFAM transcription factor A mitochondrial
TFB1M transcription factor B1 mitochondrial
TOM20 Translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane 20
Con the pigs fed a basal diet
0.25% LMA, 0.5% L-MA, 1% L-MA, and 2% L-MA the pigs fed a basal diet supplemented with 0.25% L-MA, 0.5% L-MA, 1% L-MA, and 2% L-MA, respectively