Skip to main content
. 2026 Sep 25;18(19):3161. doi: 10.3390/nu18193161
3R Russell’s 3 Rs
ADI Acceptable daily intake
Akt Protein Kinase B
ALP Alkaline phosphatase
ALT Alanine aminotransferase
ANOVA Analysis of variance
AST Aspartate aminotransferase
Bax Promotes apoptosis by competing with Bcl-2
Bcl-2 Anti-apoptotic factor
CAT Catalase
CCl4 Carbon tetrachloride
COX-2 Cyclooxygenase-2
DMN Dimethyl nitrosamine
DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
EFSA European Food Safety Authority
EU European Unión
GGT Gamma glutamyl transferase
GOT Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase
GPT Glutamate pyruvate transaminase
GPX Glutathione peroxidase
GSH Glutathione
HSCs Hepatic stellate cells
IL-1α Interleukin 1α
IL-1β Interleukin-1β
IL-6 Interleukin 6
INOS Inducible nitric oxide synthase
IP Intraperitoneal
JECFA Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives
LDH Lactate dehydrogenase
MDA Malondialdehyde
NBF Neutral buffered formalin
NF-kB Nuclear factor-κB
NG Naringenin
NG–TZ Naringenin–Tartrazine
NOM Official Mexican standard
Nrf2 Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
OS Oxidative stress
P53 P53 tumor protein gene
PBS Phosphate-buffered saline
ROS Reactive oxygen species
SEM Standard error of the mean
SOD Superoxide dismutase
TNFα Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha
TP Total protein
TZ Tartrazine
VEH Vehicle
WHO World Health Organization