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. 2026 Oct 4;26(19):6295. doi: 10.3390/s26196295
DDPG Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient
HP Human Preference
V2X Vehicle-to-Everything
RRT* Rapidly exploring Random Tree star
OU Ornstein–Uhlenbeck
TTC Time to Collision
MDP Markov Decision Process
ReLU Rectified Linear Unit
FPS Frames Per Second
HIL Hardware-in-the-Loop
SAC Soft Actor–Critic
PPO Proximal Policy Optimization