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DNA under a shear force. (a) A nonperiodic sequence unravels from both ends, driven by the length gain from converting stacked bases into longer single strands. (b) A periodic DNA sequence can open by sliding, mediated by bulge loops that are created at the ends and diffuse freely along the DNA. When a bulge loop reaches the opposite end, the two strands have effectively slipped against each other by a distance equal to the loop size.
