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Free-area model for the rate-determining step of protein adsorption to a phospholipid monolayer. Smaller green circles (APL) represent a snapshot of the distribution of excluded areas of randomly-arranged phospholipid molecules and the purple circle represents the area of a protein molecule as it approaches the monolayer from the adjacent aqueous phase. Protein adsorption can occur only in free areas greater than or equal to a critical free area, Acr, as indicated by the dashed lines.
