Table 2.
Means and SEMa for anxiety, self-confidence, motivation, metacognition, and self-efficacy scores in self-rated and observer-rated questionnaires 2 weeks before the intervention (day 0), immediately before the intervention (day 14), during the intervention (day 28), immediately after the intervention (day 42), and 2 weeks later after the intervention (day 56) in the TCRb and control groups, and the interaction effects between the TCR and control groups in both questionnaire types.
| Outcome and group | Day 0, mean (SEM) | Day 14, mean (SEM) | Day 28, mean (SEM) | Day 42, mean (SEM) | Day 56, mean (SEM) | Interaction effect | ||||
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F statistic | P value | |||
| Self-efficacy score in a self-rated questionnaire | 2.886 | .03 | ||||||||
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TCR | 3.50 (0.39) | 3.60 (0.38) | 4.25 (0.46) | 4.25 (0.46) | 4.50 (0.44) |
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Control | 4.28 (0.46) | 4.39 (0.45) | 4.22 (0.48) | 4.67 (0.46) | 4.22 (0.42) |
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| Self-efficacy score in an observer-rated questionnaire | 13.014 | <.001 | ||||||||
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TCR | 3.90 (0.25) | 4.40 (0.25) | 4.95 (0.27) | 5.33 (0.29) | 5.15 (0.27) |
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Control | 4.03 (0.25) | 4.25 (0.23) | 4.36 (0.22) | 4.41 (0.21) | 4.56 (0.22) |
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| Anxiety score in a self-rated questionnaire | 3.009 | .02 | ||||||||
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TCR | 5.80 (0.32) | 5.35 (0.36) | 4.70 (0.37) | 4.50 (0.39) | 4.40 (0.37) |
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Control | 4.44 (0.44) | 4.17 (0.48) | 3.67 (0.45) | 4.39 (0.46) | 4.56 (0.43) |
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| Anxiety score in an observer-rated questionnaire | 5.584 | <.001 | ||||||||
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TCR | 5.85 (0.30) | 5.33 (0.32) | 4.80 (0.30) | 4.30 (0.30) | 4.38 (0.32) |
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Control | 4.89 (0.33) | 4.61 (0.30) | 4.44 (0.28) | 4.33 (0.28) | 4.33 (0.34) |
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| Self-confidence score in a self-rated questionnaire | 3.335 | .01 | ||||||||
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TCR | 2.80 (0.37) | 3.15 (0.41) | 4.15 (0.47) | 5.15 (0.33) | 4.75 (0.29) |
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Control | 3.22 (0.45) | 3.67 (0.50) | 3.89 (0.48) | 4.39 (0.47) | 4.11 (0.50) |
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| Self-confidence score in an observer-rated questionnaire | 5.575 | <.001 | ||||||||
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TCR | 3.35 (0.31) | 3.73 (0.30) | 4.33 (0.32) | 4.63 (0.30) | 4.38 (0.30) |
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Control | 3.39 (0.24) | 3.61 (0.22) | 3.83 (0.21) | 3.89 (0.20) | 3.75 (0.23) |
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| Motivation score in a self-rated questionnaire | 3.631 | .008 | ||||||||
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TCR | 3.85 (0.37) | 3.80 (0.37) | 4.70 (0.34) | 5.05 (0.37) | 4.35 (0.39) |
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Control | 4.22 (0.46) | 4.22 (0.48) | 4.06 (0.45) | 4.44 (0.44) | 4.00 (0.44) |
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| Motivation score in an observer-rated questionnaire | 4.448 | .002 | ||||||||
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TCR | 4.53 (0.19) | 4.70 (0.20) | 5.28 (0.20) | 5.20 (0.20) | 5.13 (0.21) |
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Control | 4.14 (0.26) | 4.22 (0.24) | 4.14 (0.23) | 4.33 (0.24) | 4.22 (0.24) |
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| Metacognition score in a self-rated questionnaire | 4.303 | .003 | ||||||||
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TCR | 3.25 (0.40) | 3.85 (0.40) | 5.05 (0.29) | 4.75 (0.41) | 4.65 (0.40) |
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Control | 4.28 (0.25) | 4.22 (0.48) | 4.11 (0.48) | 4.67 (0.49) | 4.33 (0.46) |
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| Metacognition score in an observer-rated questionnaire | 3.815 | <.006 | ||||||||
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TCR | 3.93 (0.19) | 3.83 (0.22) | 4.40 (0.15) | 4.48 (0.19) | 4.40 (0.17) |
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Control | 3.72 (0.14) | 3.78 (0.18) | 3.72 (0.10) | 3.92 (0.19) | 3.83 (0.20) |
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aSEM: standard error of the mean.
bTCR: a training system that enables users to perform role-based behaviors using a computer graphics avatar in a real, bustling commercial facility.