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. 2026 Sep 30;28:e93549. doi: 10.2196/93549

Table 3.

Group × day interaction terms from the linear mixed models: between-group differences in change from baseline.

Outcome Rater Day β (95% CI) t statistic Cohen d P value
Self-efficacy Self-report 42 1.11 (0.116 to 2.107) 2.206 0.37 .03
Self-efficacy Self-report 56 1.34 (0.349 to 2.340) 2.670 0.45 .008
Self-efficacy Observer 42 1.04 (0.719 to 1.353) 6.456 1.08 <.001
Self-efficacy Observer 56 0.72 (0.405 to 1.039) 4.500 0.75 <.001
Anxiety Self-report 42 –1.24 (–2.341 to –0.148) –2.243 0.37 .03
Anxiety Self-report 56 –1.51 (–2.608 to –0.414) –2.723 0.45 .007
Anxiety Observer 42 –0.99 (–1.500 to –0.489 –3.886 0.65 .001
Anxiety Observer 56 –0.92 (–1.425 to –0.414) –3.593 0.60 <.001
Self-confidence Self-report 42 1.18 (0.279 to 2.088) 2.586 0.43 .01
Self-confidence Self-report 56 1.06 (0.157 to 1.965) 2.319 0.39 .02
Self-confidence Observer 42 0.78 (0.380 to 1.170) 3.877 0.65 <.001
Self-confidence Observer 56 0.66 (0.269 to 1.059) 3.321 0.55 .001
Motivation Self-report 42 0.98 (0.211 to 1.744) 2.522 0.42 .02
Motivation Self-report 56 0.72 (–0.044 to 1.489) 1.863 0.31 .06
Motivation Observer 42 0.48 (0.067 to 0.894) 2.298 0.38 .02
Motivation Observer 56 0.52 (0.103 to 0.930) 2.471 0.41 .02
Metacognition Self-report 42 1.11 (0.116 to 2.107) 2.206 0.37 .03
Metacognition Self-report 56 1.34 (0.349 to 2.340) 2.670 0.45 .008
Metacognition Observer 42 0.36 (–0.032 to 0.743) 1.815 0.30 .07
Metacognition Observer 56 0.36 (–0.023 to 0.751) 1.858 0.31 .06