Table 2.

Factors influencing digital interventions for older adults.

Categories and key influencing factors		Mechanism of action and manifestations
Individual level
	Cognition and physical functions	Digital divide: age-related decline of memory, visuospatial skill, expression, and operational capacity creates barriers to operating DHTsa.
	Digital literacy and attitude	Digital exclusion due to the unfamiliarity with new technologies, anxiety, concerns about privacy, and preferences for traditional medicine.
	Personal health motivations	Unmotivated: low priority and weak motivation for health management.
Technical level
	Usability	Intuitive interfaces and low learning-curve requirements improve sustained user engagement. Cumbersome operations increase abandonment risk.
	Usefulness	Users are more likely to continue usage when they subjectively perceive the tool contributes to better medication self-management.
	Design for older adults	Features including large fonts, high-contrast colors, and voice interaction mitigate age-related functional limitations; defective voice recognition or unresponsive touch controls trigger frustration and dropout.
Social-environment level
	Social support	Encouragement from family, friends, and health care providers (increased confidence and device adoption); for older adults living alone, impersonal DHTs consistently fail to engage them.
	Digital infrastructure and accessibility	Network coverage and affordable equipment are the basic requirements (necessary for sustained use).
Intervention program level
	Alignment with patient preferences	Intervention content and delivery modes matching user preferences improve acceptance.
	Personalization and interactivity	Personalized feedback (improved adherence); interactivity (sustained engagement).
	Usage intensity and support	Joint interventions by multiple technical teams; information overload (resistance and reduced adherence).

^aDHT: digital health technology.