2.

Predicted toxicological profile of chalcone derivatives. The radar plots illustrate the probability of toxicity and molecular interactions across multiple end points of chalcones: TMC (2′,4′,6′-trimethoxy-chalcone), 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e, 3f, 3g, 3h, 3i, and 3j. These include organ toxicity (hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and cardiotoxicity), toxicological outcomes (carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity, mutagenicity, cytotoxicity, and clinical toxicity), and signaling pathways (Aryl hydrocarbon ReceptorAhR; Androgen ReceptorAR; Estrogen Receptor AlphaER; Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma -PPAR-γ); Cellular stress responses (Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2/antioxidant responsive elementnrf2/ARE; Mitochondrial Membrane PotentialMMP; Phosphoprotein (Tumor Suppressor)p53), molecular initiating events (AchetylcholinesteraseAchE; Constitutive androstane receptorCAR; NADH-quinone oxidoreductaseNADHOX; Voltage-gated sodium channelVGSC); and metabolic profiles (Cytochrome P450 isoforms: CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP2C19, and CYP2E1) were also evaluated. Predictions were generated using the ProTox-3.0 server. The solid line represents the predicted profile of the analyzed compound, while the dashed line corresponds to the average profile of active compounds from the ProTox-3.0 data set used to build the prediction models. Higher values indicate a greater probability of target interaction or toxicity.