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. 2026 Jul 21;26:1173. doi: 10.1186/s12884-026-09682-1

Table 3.

Multivariate association of explanatory variables with pregnant women’s unhappiness

Variables and categories Model I: Background variables Model II: Model I nested here Model III: Model I & II nested here
Background variables Background and women’s variables Background, women’s, and partner’s variables
Variables Categories Odds Ratio [95% Confidence Interval] P-value Odds Ratio [95% Confiden Interval] P-value Odds Ratio [95% Confidence Interval] P-value
Age of woman (in years) Adults 20–34 Reference
Adolescents 12–19 2.24 [1.61–3.13] 0.000 2.02 [1.40–2.91] 0.000 2.18 [1.43–3.32] 0.000
Older adults 35–49 2.65 [1.64–4.29] 0.000 2.63 [1.61–4.31] 0.000 2.21 [1.25–3.93] 0.007
Relation to head Heads/wives/mothers/aunts Reference
Daughters/sisters/cousins 1.53 [1.07–2.21] 0.021 0.97 [0.60–1.57] 0.904 0.99 [0.57–1.71] 0.967
Daughters&sisters-in-law 1.45 [0.94–2.25] 0.092 1.42 [0.91–2.23] 0.124 1.29 [0.77–2.17] 0.333
Grand-daughters/nephews 1.98 [1.08–3.66] 0.028 1.47 [0.74–2.90] 0.271 1.68 [0.78–3.63] 0.184
Unrelated 0.83 [0.44–1.60] 0.585 0.75 [0.38–1.45] 0.386 1.02 [0.50–2.09] 0.962
Household size Median size (5 members) Reference
Below median 1.12 [0.76–1.66] 0.565 1.10 [0.74–1.63] 0.636 1.20 [0.77–1.88] 0.417
Above median 1.36 [0.92–2.01] 0.122 1.37 [0.92–2.03] 0.121 1.17 [0.74–1.84] 0.501
Education of women Higher Reference
Primary/none 1.74 [1.04–2.90] 0.035 1.78 [1.05–3.02] 0.032 1.41 [0.78–2.56] 0.252
Secondary/medium 1.78 [1.23–2.55] 0.002 1.73 [1.20–2.50] 0.004 1.42 [0.94–2.14] 0.097
Is woman studying No Reference
Yes 1.20 [0.87–1.64] 0.262 1.10 [0.79–1.43] 0.569 0.97 [0.67–1.42] 0.894
Woman’s reproductive variables and categories
 Marital status Married/cohabiting Reference
Single/never married (See Model I and II) 1.90 [1.20–3.02] 0.006 1.20 [0.70–2.06] 0.509
Divorced/separated 1.51 [0.47–4.88] 0.487 0.96 [0.26–3.64] 0.958
 Gestational age, trimester of interview 2nd trimester Reference
1 st trimester (See Model I and II) 2.35 [1.30–4.24] 0.005 2.19 [1.10–4.37] 0.025
3rd trimester 1.43 [1.07–1.92] 0.017 1.51 [1.08–2.11] 0.016
 Had previous pregn adverse outcome Had prg, no advers outcome Reference
No preg no advers outcome (See Model I and II) 1.18 [0.80–1.74] 0.397 0.94 [0.60–1.48] 0.798
Had prg, had adver outcome 0.74 [0.54–1.03] 0.073 0.64 [0.44–0.92] 0.017
 Know/aware of modern contraceptives Yes Reference
No (See Model I and II) 1.05 [0.67–1.64] 0.821 0.74 [0.43–1.25] 0.254
Parnter’s-related variables and categories
 Couple had communication about having children together Yes Reference
No See results in Model III 1.82 [1.26–2.63] 0.001
 Partner intended current pregnancy Intended Reference
Unintended See results in Model III 1.73 [1.12–2.65] 0.013
 Partner was happy with current pregnancy Happy Reference
Unhappy See results in Model III 8.23 [5.04–13.43] 0.000
 Partner accepted this pregnancy Accepted pregnancy Reference
Rejected pregnancy See results in Model III 0.55 [0.02–1.45] 0.226
PANEL B: MODEL DIAGNOSTIC
Measures of model diagnostic Model I Model II Model III
Sample size (N) 1,361 1,361 1,361
Likelihood Ratio χ² 95.6 120.8 372.5
Model degree of freedom 11 18 22
p-value 0.000 0.000 0.000
Log likelihood −694.47 −681.87 −556.03
Pseudo R² 0.064 0.081 0.251
Likelihood-ratio test between Models LR χ² difference Degree of freedom p-value
Likelihood-ratio test, Model I nested in Model II 25.19 7 0.001
Likelihood-ratio test, Model II nested in Model III 251.68 4 0.000
Likelihood-ratio test, Model I nested in Model III 276.87 11 0.000

Note: The variable named “Had previous pregn adverse outcome” stands for “Woman had previous pregnancy adverse outcome” and the options (i) Had prg, no advers outcome – stands for: had previous pregnancy without adverse outcome; (ii) No preg no advers outcome – stands for: had no previous pregnancy; (iii) Had prg, had adver outcome – stands for: had previous pregnancy and adverse outcome