Table 3.

Participant-level Permutation Tests for H1 (5,000 Iterations; ≥ 3 Occasions per Strategy)

Strategy	n	M(obs)	M(null)	z	p perm	p (Holm)	% p < .05
Problem Solving	70	0.486	0.462	1.48	0.074	0.222	5.7
Encouragement	35	0.544	0.486	2.25	0.015	0.074	14.3
Reappraisal	42	0.524	0.472	2.11	0.019	0.077	7.1
Humor	87	0.460	0.455	0.36	0.351	0.523	4.6
Distraction	92	0.439	0.432	0.63	0.262	0.523	5.4
Touch	10	0.612	0.482	2.43	0.010	0.061	10.0

Note. Within each participant, strategy labels were permuted across reported contacts, preserving strategy occasion counts and each friend’s overall involvement. M(obs)/M(null) = observed/permutation-null group mean of the maximum Specialization Score; z = (observed mean − null mean)/SD of null means; p perm = proportion of permutation means ≥ observed mean; % p < .05 = share of participants exceeding their individual permutation null. p-values Holm-corrected across the six strategies