Table 2.
Mean scores (standard deviations) of explanatory factors and scales by disciplinary field, career stage and sex
| Disciplinary field | Career stage | Sex | Overall | Cronbach’s α | McDonald’s ω | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Explanatory Factor Scale | Natural sciences | Medical sciences | Social sciences | Humanities |
Early career |
Mid career |
Late career |
Retired | Male | Female | |||
| Publication pressure | 4.37 (0.03) | 4.17 (0.05) | 4.37 (0.03) | 4.33 (0.04) | 4.64 (0.04) | 4.44 (0.03) | 4.16 (0.03) | 3.82 (0.05) | 4.24 (0.02 | 4.47 (0.03) | 4.33 (0.02) | 0.70 | 0.71 (0.00) |
| Funding pressure | 4.84 (0.04) | 4.57 (0.06) | 4.34 (0.04) | 4.22 (0.06) | 5.03 (0.05) | 4.68 (0.04) | 4.23 (0.04) | 3.90 (0.07) | 4.41 (0.03) | 4.70 (0.04) | 4.54 (0.02) | 0.71 | 0.72 (0.00) |
| Universalism | 4.27 (0.02) | 4.03 (0.03) | 3.97 (0.02) | 3.91 (0.03) | 4.13 (0.03) | 4.12 (0.02) | 4.06 (0.02) | 3.87 (0.04) | 4.08 (0.02) | 4.09 (0.02) | 4.08 (0.01) | 0.59 | 0.61 (0.00) |
| Communalism | 4.06 (0.02) | 3.95 (0.03) | 3.92 (0.02) | 3.96 (0.03) | 4.00 (0.03) | 3.97 (0.02) | 3.99 (0.02) | 4.00 (0.04) | 4.04 (0.02) | 3.90 (0.02) | 3.98 (0.01) | 0.52 | 0.54 (0.00) |
| Organised scepticism | 4.67 (0.01) | 4.78 (0.02) | 4.71 (0.01) | 4.76 (0.02) | 4.68 (0.02) | 4.71 (0.01) | 4.74 (0.01) | 4.72 (0.02) | 4.69 (0.01) | 4.76 (0.01) | 4.72 (0.01 | 0.48 | 0.49 (0.00) |
| Achievement motivation | 3.71 (0.04) | 3.83 (0.07) | 3.69 (0.04) | 3.43 (0.06) | 3.92 (0.05) | 3.76 (0.04) | 3.61 (0.05) | 3.02 (0.09) | 3.59 (0.03) | 3.80 (0.04) | 3.67 (0.02) | 0.83 | 0.83 (0.00) |
| Impact & quality motivation | 4.76 (0.03) | 4.86 (0.05) | 4.67 (0.03) | 4.60 (0.05) | 4.66 (0.04) | 4.77 (0.03) | 4.72 (0.03) | 4.58 (0.06) | 4.61 (0.02) | 4.85 (0.03) | 4.72 (0.02) | 0.52 | 0.53 (0.00) |
| Ego & esteem motivation | 2.80 (0.04) | 2.94 (0.07) | 3.05 (0.04) | 3.08 (0.06) | 2.5 (0.05) | 2.95 (0.04) | 2.96 (0.04) | 2.88 (0.09) | 2.85 (0.03) | 3.07 (0.04) | 2.95 (0.02) | 0.58 | 0.64 (0.00) |
| Career growth motivation | 3.41 (0.04) | 3.40 (0.07) | 3.52 (0.05) | 3.56 (0.06) | 3.93 (0.05) | 3.60 (0.04) | 3.31 (0.05) | 2.52 (0.08) | 3.34 (0.03) | 3.64 (0.04) | 3.47 (0.03) | 0.74 | 0.75 (0.00) |
| Falsification orientation | 2.86 (0.05) | 3.05 (0.07) | 2.66 (0.05) | 2.80 (0.07) | 2.79 (0.06) | 2.76 (0.04) | 2.85 (0.05) | 2.98 (0.09) | 2.91 (0.04) | 2.70 (0.04) | 2.82 (0.03) | 0.83 | 0.85 (0.00) |
| Confirmation orientation | 3.62 (0.05) | 3.70 (0.07) | 3.10 (0.05) | 3.40 (0.07) | 3.50 (0.07) | 3.34 (0.05) | 3.45 (0.05) | 3.67 (0.09) | 3.41 (0.04) | 3.49 (0.04) | 3.44 (0.03) | 0.81 | 0.81 (0.00) |
| Extraversion | 3.98 (0.04) | 4.21 (0.07) | 4.26 (0.05) | 4.22 (0.06) | 4.00 (0.06) | 4.10 (0.04) | 4.28 (0.05) | 4.23 (0.08) | 4.00 (0.04) | 4.33 (0.04) | 4.14 (0.03) | ||
| Agreeableness | 4.66 (0.04) | 4.88 (0.05) | 4.82 (0.04) | 4.99 (0.05) | 4.75 (0.05) | 4.78 (0.03) | 4.85 (0.04) | 4.88 (0.07) | 4.66 (0.03) | 4.99 (0.03) | 4.80 (0.02) | ||
| Conscientiousness | 5.68 (0.04) | 5.97 (0.05) | 5.81 (0.04) | 5.95 (0.05) | 5.63 (0.05) | 5.78 (0.03) | 5.93 (0.04) | 5.96 (0.06) | 5.71 (0.03) | 5.95 (0.03) | 5.81 (0.02) | ||
| Emotional stability (neuroticism) | 5.08 (0.04) | 5.47 (0.06) | 5.07 (0.04) | 5.10 (0.06) | 4.85 (0.06) | 5.10 (0.04) | 5.29 (0.05) | 5.41 (0.07) | 5.24 (0.03) | 5.02 (0.04) | 5.14 (0.02) | ||
| Openness | 5.72 (0.03) | 5.75 (0.05) | 5.67 (0.03) | 5.92 (0.04) | 5.57 (0.04) | 5.68 (0.03) | 5.88 (0.03) | 5.97 (0.05) | 5.73 (0.02) | 5.77 (0.04) | 5.75 (0.02) | ||
Explanatory factor scales are unstandardised
Publication pressure and funding pressure are composite scales ranging from 1 to 5 with higher scores indicating greater pressure. Universalism, organised scepticism and communalism are composite scales ranging from 1 to 5 with higher scores indicating greater commitment. Personality traits were measured using composite scales ranging from 1 to 6, where higher scores indicate a stronger presence of the trait. Achievement motivation, impact and quality motivation, ego and esteem motivation, career growth motivation, falsification orientation and confirmation orientation are composite scales ranging from 1 to 6 with higher scores indicating greater motivation/orientation