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. 2026 Oct 2;13:1941350. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2026.1941350

Table 2.

Volatile organic compounds content (μg/kg; −indicates undetectable).

Type ID Retention time(min) CAS Compound name Structural formula VOC scontent (μg/kg)
XX STD RSD (%) SL STD RSD (%) YH STD RSD (%) JF STD RSD (%)
Alcohols A1 24.89 111–27-3 1-Hexanol C6H14O 112.26 1.87 1.66 72.69 5.06 6.96 193.57 4.18 2.16 71.37 1.60 2.24
A2 26.045 111–35-3 3-Ethoxy-1-propanol C5H12O2 7.88 0.98 12.49 23.18 3.26 14.08 10.91 0.58 5.33 14.78 1.53 10.39
A3 29.474 3,391-86-4 1-Octen-3-ol C8H16O 3.99 0.63 15.76 – – – – – – – – –
A4 31.539 104–76-7 1-Hexanol, 2-ethyl- C8H18O 29.28 1.31 4.47 15.58 1.38 8.83 13.16 0.88 6.70 18.86 0.55 2.94
A5 34.192 111–87-5 1-Octanol C8H18O 46.18 0.64 1.38 25.76 1.15 4.45 57.85 1.72 2.98 22.42 1.08 4.81
A6 41.666 100–51-6 Benzyl alcohol C7H8O 7.02 0.78 11.16 – – – 9.37 1.25 13.38 – – –
A7 16.048 71–36-3 1-Butanol C4H10O – – – 15.03 2.01 13.37 – – – – – –
A8 18.563 137–32-6 1-Butanol, 2-methyl- C5H12O – – – 1115.11 45.17 4.05 – – – – – –
A9 37.115 98–0-0 2-Furanmethanol C5H6O2 – – – 46.79 6.08 13.00 – – – – – –
Aldehydes B1 7.606 96–17-3 Butanal, 2-methyl- C5H10O 76.47 2.99 3.92 53.21 5.15 9.68 19.14 2.26 11.79 29.09 0.93 3.20
B2 7.704 590–86-3 Isovaleraldehyde C5H10O 155.94 2.46 1.58 109.28 6.29 5.75 48.93 2.64 5.39 73.25 2.40 3.27
B4 11.305 4,170-30-3 2-Butenal C4H6O 6.27 0.67 10.61 8.18 0.42 5.08 7.80 0.34 4.42 11.16 0.17 1.54
B5 26.984 124–19-6 1-Nonanal C9H18O 15.06 2.22 14.73 – – – – – – – – –
B6 30.608 620–2-0 2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-methyl- C6H6O2 29.69 2.51 8.45 – – – – – – 11.89 0.64 5.36
B7 33.109 100–52-7 Benzaldehyde C7H6O 863.90 21.84 2.53 939.42 30.23 3.22 1004.54 76.98 7.66 1003.06 38.58 3.85
B8 36.949 122–78-1 Benzeneacetaldehyde C8H8O 25.71 1.16 4.50 – – – – – – – – –
B9 40.874 15,764–16-6 Benzaldehyde, 2,4-dimethyl- C9H10O 85.62 7.63 8.91 176.81 14.46 8.18 108.08 17.17 15.89 73.84 2.22 3.01
B10 42.776 4,411-89-6 Benzeneacetaldehyde, alpha-ethylidene- C10H10O 24.47 2.81 11.50 33.64 4.46 13.25 – – – 13.77 1.49 10.81
B11 5.906 78–84-2 Propanal, 2-methyl- C4H8O – – – 9.16 0.54 5.87 – – – 4.81 0.46 9.48
B12 16.75 28,467–88-1 2-Hexenal, 2-methyl- C7H12O – – – 20.48 3.59 17.52 – – – – – –
Acids C1 29.254 64–19-7 Acetic acid C2H4O2 445.51 13.00 2.92 711.84 107.90 15.16 695.35 58.82 8.46 616.56 22.98 3.73
C2 34.421 79–31-2 Propanoic acid, 2-methyl- C4H8O2 5.92 0.17 2.90 – – – 16.40 1.92 11.69 6.04 0.17 2.87
C3 36.23 107–92-6 Butanoic acid C4H8O2 46.62 2.91 6.24 57.69 6.69 11.60 54.52 2.10 3.85 42.97 1.62 3.77
C4 37.354 503–74-2 Butanoic acid, 3-methyl- C5H10O2 59.74 3.51 5.87 54.21 5.05 9.32 74.01 1.35 1.83 38.57 1.22 3.16
C5 40.97 142–62-1 Hexanoic acid C6H12O2 41.83 6.72 16.06 40.74 6.35 15.59 76.64 11.17 14.57 13.13 1.21 9.20
C6 11.462 328–50-7 2-Oxopentanedioic acid C5H6O5 – – – – – – – – – 46.18 1.86 4.03
G17 36.558 591–81-1 Butanoic acid,4-hydroxy- C4H8O3 – – – – – – – – – 17.47 2.70 15.47
Ketone D1 19.913 19,549–80-5 2-Heptanone, 4,6-dimethyl- C9H18O 8.02 0.75 9.36 11.25 1.06 9.42 7.93 1.21 15.28 9.13 0.32 3.53
D2 21.866 111–13-7 2-Octanone C8H16O 55.50 0.46 0.84 – – – 51.49 2.52 4.90 – – –
D3 22.221 108–94-1 Cyclohexanone C6H10O 13.97 1.71 12.22 12.84 1.77 13.79 14.21 1.79 12.59 9.32 1.31 14.03
D4 37.17 98–86-2 Acetophenone C8H8O 11.97 0.96 8.00 – – – – – – – – –
D5 17.997 6,137-6-0 2-Heptanone, 4-methyl- C8H16O – – – 13.55 1.06 7.84 17.24 2.73 15.85 15.29 1.52 9.93
D6 47.213 28,564–83-2 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl- C6H8O4 – – – 16.93 0.57 3.39 – – – – – –
Alkane E1 9.886 124–18-5 Decane C10H22 9.15 0.88 9.60 – – – 24.91 4.06 16.31 24.96 3.63 14.53
E2 5.724 111–65-9 Octane C8H18 – – – – – – 6.31 0.91 14.47 5.48 0.75 13.72
E3 5.845 2,213-23-2 Heptane, 2,4-dimethyl- C9H20 – – – – – – 9.28 1.16 12.48 8.68 0.99 11.46
E4 12.973 1,120-21-4 Undecane C11H24 – – – – – – 11.18 1.83 16.35 8.55 0.59 6.85
Olefin F1 18.453 109–67-1 1-pentene C5H10 – – – 1985.76 94.42 4.75 – – – – – –
Esters G1 8.724 105–37-3 Propanoic acid, ethyl ester C5H10O2 41.19 0.54 1.31 25.19 2.79 11.06 41.33 2.83 6.84 23.35 1.98 8.47
G2 8.958 97–62-1 Propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, ethyl ester C6H12O2 17.97 1.15 6.38 15.08 1.79 11.89 40.10 1.01 2.52 19.99 0.99 4.97
G3 11.122 105–54-4 Butanoic acid, ethyl ester C6H12O2 130.85 2.40 1.83 136.54 17.69 12.95 143.52 10.37 7.23 156.51 7.02 4.48
G4 12.237 108–64-5 Butanoic acid, 3-methyl-, ethyl ester C7H14O2 29.50 0.31 1.04 18.77 2.49 13.26 21.86 0.47 2.16 15.48 1.23 7.97
G5 14.303 123–92-2 1-Butanol, 3-methyl-, acetate C7H14O2 18.74 3.10 16.54 23.27 1.65 7.08 23.76 2.10 8.83 16.11 2.13 13.22
G6 14.796 539–82-2 Pentanoic acid, ethyl ester C7H14O2 11.56 1.42 12.30 – – – 16.35 1.65 10.07 5.94 0.57 9.53
G7 19.326 123–66-0 Hexanoic acid, ethyl ester C8H16O2 92.35 2.38 2.57 49.64 5.68 11.45 127.37 11.90 9.34 63.89 3.03 4.74
G8 28.909 106–32-1 Octanoic acid, ethyl ester C10H20O2 17.33 2.09 12.08 15.08 2.22 14.71 19.41 2.77 14.27 15.98 1.67 10.45
G9 33.793 6,946-90-3 Ethyl dl-2-hydroxycaproate C8H16O3 182.96 1.06 0.58 165.08 12.98 7.86 80.98 6.37 7.87 106.15 7.37 6.94
G10 36.592 96–48-0 γ-Butyrolactone C4H6O2 8.56 1.00 11.70 25.75 2.54 9.87 29.05 4.19 14.44 – – –
G11 37.569 93–89-0 Benzoic acid, ethyl ester C9H10O2 19.90 1.30 6.51 18.25 2.27 12.42 – – – 19.14 2.47 12.92
G12 37.7 123–25-1 Butanedioic acid, diethyl ester C8H14O4 488.66 3.81 0.78 956.98 142.21 14.86 464.18 49.90 10.75 699.46 49.42 7.07
G13 40.173 101–97-3 Benzeneacetic acid, ethyl ester C10H12O2 24.35 1.10 4.52 20.84 1.83 8.79 13.62 2.06 15.10 12.89 1.85 14.35
G14 32.838 5,405-41-4 Butanoic acid, 3-hydroxy-, ethyl ester C6H12O3 – – – 15.55 0.58 3.75 15.46 0.94 6.08 – – –
G15 40.744 103–45-7 Acetic acid, 2-phenylethyl ester C10H12O2 – – – – – – 9.44 1.18 12.47 – – –
G16 35.945 539–88-8 Pentanoic acid, 4-oxo-, ethyl ester C7H12O3 – – – – – – – – – 9.82 1.18 12.04
Others H1 7.132 105–57-7 Ethane, 1,1-diethoxy- C6H14O2 116.98 5.15 4.40 103.80 10.00 9.63 95.10 9.15 9.62 91.51 3.16 3.45
B3 9.289 1741-41-9 Propane, 1,1-diethoxy-2-methyl- C8H18O2 16.10 0.41 2.54 10.22 1.24 12.10 – – – – – –

Compound IDs were retained after correction of the chemical classifications to maintain correspondence with the figures.