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. 2026 Oct 2;14:1964252. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2026.1964252

Table 13.

Mean differences by paid-purchase experience.

Variable Paid users M Paid users SD Non-payers M Non-payers SD t df p Cohen’s d
LON 5.192 1.395 4.600 1.597 3.584 223.36 <0.001 0.404
SIG 5.482 1.223 5.230 0.955 2.236 313.37 0.026 0.221
BOND 5.835 0.771 5.375 0.920 4.886 215.92 <0.001 0.559
ESC 5.587 0.978 5.275 1.050 2.824 235.97 0.005 0.312
EECI 5.783 0.908 4.373 1.623 9.162 166.51 <0.001 1.187
CI 5.919 0.850 5.459 0.993 4.503 219.58 <0.001 0.512