FIGURE 4.

Impact of simultaneous knockouts of unfavorable reactions on growth and growth-limiting precursors. The maximum yields of biomass (I) and energy (II) for the combinations of simultaneous knockouts of the unfavorable reactions: A, ATP phosphoribosyltransferase, B, ATP synthase, C, methylene-tetra-hydrofolate dehydrogenase, and D, tryptophanase. The maximum yields of biomass (I) are scaled by the maximum yield of biomass in the wild-type. The maximum yields of energy (II) are scaled by the amount of energy required for optimal growth. Not all combinations including knockout of ATP phosphoribosyltransferase (A) are shown because zero growth is possible without ATP phosphoribosyltransferase and energy is not affected by knockout of ATP phosphoribosyltransferase.