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. 2026 Oct 2;5:e94109. doi: 10.2196/94109

Table 2.

Distribution of included studies by application focus and data modality.


Studies, n
Application focus

Gesture recognition or segmentation 17

Skill classification 56

Tool tracking and motion analysis 29

Real-time feedback or assessment systems 18
Data modality

Kinematic data 18

Video data (RGB, optical flow, etc) 58

Physiological data (EEGa, fNIRSb, etc) 3

Force data 1

Multimodal approaches (2+modalities fused) 12

aEEG: electroencephalography.

bfNIRS: functional near-infrared spectroscopy.