Table 4.

Methodological superiority of gamified vs paper-based medication literacy assessment: data quality and participant experience (enjoyment and preference) in the first assessment of a crossover study (phase 2, n=85, grades 5 and 6, Nanjing, China, 2025).

Comparison metric			Gamified tool		Paper-based questionnaire		Test statistic, chi-square (df) or t test (df)		P value		Cohen d (95% CI)
Data qualitya
	Valid response rate, n/N (%); 95% CI	42/42 (100); 91.6%-100%		39/43 (90.7); 77.4%-96.9%		2.29 (1)b		.13		—c
Participant experienced
	Enjoyment, mean (SD)	4.26 (0.94)		2.46 (0.85)		9.01 (79)e		<.001		2.00 (1.46- 2.55)
	Preference, mean (SD)	4.29 (0.83)		2.82 (0.97)		7.30 (79)e		<.001		1.62 (1.11- 2.13)

^aData quality was assessed based on predefined completion criteria.

^bIndicates a chi-square statistic.

^cNot applicable.

^dParticipant experience was rated on a 5-point Likert scale immediately after the first assessment. Independent-samples t tests were used to compare experience between groups.

^eIndicates a t test statistic.