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. 2026 Sep 6;6(11):101403. doi: 10.1016/j.xops.2026.101403

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Macroscopic, histological analysis, and experimental overview of the NanoString platform. (A’) Representative fundus images from control donors showing normal vascular patterns, fovea, and optic nerve (A-F). Fundus images from donors with prior COVID-19 frequently showed focal and diffuse hemorrhagic spots (black arrowheads) (G-L). General differences in retinal integrity across groups are attributed to postmortem imaging variables and are not considered a specific clinical feature of the infection. (B’) Summary table of donor demographics and clinical characteristics, including age, gender, ocular history, systemic conditions, and cause of death (COD), for control and post-COVID-19 cohorts. (C’) Representative retinal cryosections immunostained for calbindin (green), red/green opsin (red), and SYTO13 (blue), highlighting the RGC, INL, photoreceptor, and RPE layers. (D’) Schematic of the NanoString GeoMx DSP workflow showing layer guided ROI selection, UV tag release, and downstream transcriptomic quantification. (E’) A schematic image of the section through the eye to illustrate the representative ROIs within retinal layers. COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019; DSP = Digital Spatial Profiler; INL = inner nuclear layer; RGC = retinal ganglion cell; ROI = region of interest; RPE = retinal pigment epithelium; UV = ultraviolet.